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Research Focus
The major research focus of my work is targeted towards understanding
the cellular mechanisms responsible for the growth, healing, and homeostasis
of bone. More specifically, I am interested in how biophysical stimuli
(i.e., mechanical, electrical, temperature, magnetic, pressure) mediate
these responses. The clinical significance of this work is applicable
to the inhibition of osteopenia, the promotion of bony ingrowth into prostheses
or skeletal defects, and the acceleration of fracture healing. These goals
are approached via interdisciplinary studies at the biochemical, molecular,
cellular, tissue, organ, computational (e.g., FEM) and clinical levels.
Education
- Res. Fellow - Biomechanics, Brigham & Women's Hosp. Boston, MA, 1984-5
- Res. Assoc. - Cell Biology, Tufts Univ., Boston, MA, 1983-4
- Ph.D. - Anatomy, Univ. of Bristol, Bristol, U.K., 1983
- B.A. - Physiology, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, 1977
Academic Appointments
- 2000- Chair, Department of Biomedical Engineering
- 1997- Visiting Scientist, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY
- 1997- Director, Center for Advanced Technology in Medical Biotechnology,
New York State office of Science, Technology and Academic Research
- 1995- Director, Program in Biomedical Engineering, S.U.N.Y., Stony
Brook.
- 1992- Professor of Orthopaedics, Anatomy, Molecular Biophysics & Mechanical
Eng. S.U.N.Y., Stony Brook.
- 1987- Director, Musculo-Skeletal Research Laboratory, S.U.N.Y., Stony
Brook.
- 1987-92 Associate Professor of Orthopaedics, Anatomy, & Mechanical
Engineering, S.U.N.Y., Stony Brook.
- 1984-87 Assistant Professor of Anatomy & Cell Biol., Tufts Univ.
School Med., Boston, Mass.
Dr. Rubin's research into non-invasive, non-pharmacological
intervention to control osteoporosis was referenced in National
Geographic's January 2001 article about surviving space
travel. His studies show that the application of extremely low
level strains to animals and humans will increase bone formation,
and thus may represent the much sought after "anabolic"
stimulus in bone. |
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Honors
- 2000 Giovanni Borelli Award, American Society of Biomechanics
- 1998- Board of Directors, New York Biotechnology Association
- 1997- The Whitaker Foundation, Fellowship Advisory Committee
- 1996 Fuller Albright Award, American Society of Bone and Mineral Research
- 1994 Founder, Exogen, Inc.
- 1993 John Charnley Award, The Hip Society, Amer. Acad. Orthop. Surgeons
- 1990 Kappa Delta Award for Outstanding Research, Bioelectric Repair
and Growth Society.
- 1989-1994 Committee on Space Biology & Medicine, Space Studies Board,
National Research Council
- 1987-1992 Presidential Young Investigator Award, National Science
Foundation.
- 1986 European Society of Biomechanics Award for Excellence in Research.
- 1985 Kappa Delta Society Young Investigator Award, Amer. Acad. Orthop.
Surgeons.
Publications
- Judex, S., Donahue, L.R., Rubin, C.T. (2002) Genotypic
predisposition to osteoporosis is paralleled by an enhanced sensitivity
to signals anabolic to the skeleton. The FASEB Journa Express Article.
10.1096/fj.01-0913fje
- Hadjiargyrou M, Lombardo F, Zhao S, Ahrens W, Joo J, Ahn H, White
DW, Rubin CT. Transciptional
profiling of bone regeneration: Insight into the molecular complexity
of wound repair. J Biol Chem 2002.
- Rubin C, Turner AS, Mallinckrodt C, Jerome C, McLeod K, Bain S. Mechanical
strain, induced noninvasively in the high-frequency domain, is anabolic
to cancellous bone, but not cortical bone. Bone 2002 Mar; 30(3):445-52.
- Rubin C, Turner AS, Muller R, Mittra E, McLeod K, Lin W, Qin YX.
Quantity
and quality of trabecular bone in the femur are enhanced by a strongly
anabolic, noninvasive mechanical intervention. J Bone Miner Res
2002 Feb; 17(2):349-57.
- Rubin, C., Turner, S. Bain, S., Mallinckrodt, C. & McLeod, K.
(2001) Extremely
Low Level Mechanical Signals are Anabolic to Trabecular Bone. Nature
412:603-604.
- Rubin C, Xu G, Judex S. The
anabolic activity of bone tissue, suppressed by disuse, is normalized
by brief exposure to extremely low-magnitude mechanical stimuli.
FASEB J. 2001; 15(12):2225-9.
- D. W. Sommerfeldt, C. T. Rubin. (2001) Biology
of bone and how it orchestrates the form and function of the skeleton.
Eur Spine J, DOI 10.1007/s005860100283
- Rubin, C, Sommerfeldt, D, Judex, S & Qin, Y-X. (2001) Inhibition
of Osteopenia by Low Magnitude, High Frequency Mechanical Stimuli.
Drug Discovery Today 6:848-858.
- Rubin, C., Bolander, M., Ryaby, J. & Hadjiargyrou, M. (2001)
The
use of low intensity ultrasound to accelerate the healing of fractures.
J. Bone & Jt. Surg. 83:259-70.
- Lin, W., Qin, Y.-X. & Rubin, C.T. (2001) Ultrasonic wave propagation
in trabecular bone predicted by the stratified model. Annals of Biomed.
Eng. 29(9):1-10.
- Rubin, C., Alikhani, M. and Rubin, J. (2001) Comparative Skeletal
Structure. In: Encyclopedia Life Sciences; Nature Press (in press).
- Sommerfeldt DW, McLeod KJ, Rubin CT, Hadjiargyrou M. Differential
phosphorylation of paxillin in response to surface-bound serum proteins
during early osteoblast adhesion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001
Jul 13; 285(2):355-63.
- Fritton, S.P., McLeod, K.J., Rubin, C.T. (2000) Quantifying
the strain history of bone: spatial uniformity and self-similarity of
low magnitude strains. J. Biomech. 33:317-326.
- Hadjiargyrou, M., Ahrens, W. & Rubin, C. (2000) Expression
and function of CYR-61 in the healing fracture. J. Bone & Min.
Res 15:1014-1023
- Rubin, C. and Rubin, J. (2000) Biomechanics of Bone. Primer for Metabolic
Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism. ed: M. Fauvus. Lippincott-Raven
ch 5: p 39-42
- Vander Molen, M.A., Donahue. H.J., Rubin, C.T. & McLeod, K.J.
(2000) Gap
junctions alter the kinetics of electric field induced differentiation
in osteoblastic cells. Bone . 27(2):227-31
- Rubin, J., Rubin, H., & Rubin, C. (1999) Constraints of experimental
paradigms used to model the aging skeleton. The Aging Skeleton, eds:
C.Rosen, J.Glowacki & J.Bilizekian. Acad. Press Ch.4; p27-36.
- Rubin, C., Zhi, J., Xu, G., Cute, M., McLeod, K. and Hadjiargyrou,
M. (1999) Expression of novel gene products upregulated by disuse is
normalized by an osteogenic mechanical stimulus: NASA Space Biology
Program; Biomedical Investigators' Workshop, Jan. 11-13, League City,
Texas.
- McLeod, K.J., Turner, A.S., Mallinckrodt, C.H. & Rubin, C.T. (1999)
Frequency and duration optimization of dynamic loading protocols for
the reversal of osteopenia. 45th Ann. Mtg. Orthop. Res. Soc.:24:571
- Qin, Y.X., McLeod, K.J., Lin, W., Gray, J., Turner, A.S. & Rubin,
C.T. (1999) Trabecular strength is enhanced by low magnitude and high
frequency mechanical stimuli as determined by CT number, ultrasonic
velocity and force-displacement measurements. 45th Ann. Mtg. Orthop.
Res. Soc. 24:568.
- Rubin, J. & Rubin, C. (1999) Genetic and Epigenetic Influences on
Bone Strength. In: Osteoporosis: Genetics, Prevention and Treatment,
eds: J. Adams & B. Lukert, Kluwer Publ., Newt., MA p.57-72 .
- Rubin, J., Fan, X., Biskobing, D., Taylor, W. & Rubin, C. (1999) Osteoclast
formation is attenuated in a dose-dependent and site-specific manner
by physiologic levels of strain. J. Orth. Res, 17:639-645.
- Huang, R., McLeod, K. & Rubin, C. (1999) Changes in the dynamics of
muscle contraction as a function of age; A contributing factor to the
etiology of osteoporosis? J. Gerontology 54:352-357.
- Rubin, C., Recker, R., Cullen, D., Ryaby, J. & McLeod, K. (1998) Prevention
of bone loss in a post-menopausal population by low-level biomechanical
intervention. Amer. Sc. Bone Min Res: 23:1106
- Rubin, C. Turner, S., Jerome, C. Strachan, M., Bain, S., & McLeod,
K. (1998). Low magnitude, high frequency mechanical stimulation increases
trabecular density of the proximal femur. Amer Soc.Bone Min Res: 23:1126
- Qin, Y-X., Rubin, C. & McLeod, K. (1998) Nonlinear dependence of loading
intensity and cycle number in the maintenance of bone mass and morphology.
J. Orth. Res. 16:482-489.
- Hadjiargyrou, M., Halsey, M., Ahrens, W., Rightmire, E., McLeod, K
& Rubin, C. (1998) Cloning of a novel cDNA expressed during the early
stages of fracture healing. Biochm & Biophys. Res. Com 249:879-884
- Otter, M., Rubin, C., and McLeod, K. (1998) Stochastic modulation
of cell shape by low-level mechanical loading. The Amer. J. Med. Sciences
316(3):176-183.
- Demes, B., Stern, J., Larson, S. & Hausman, M, Rubin, C., (1998) Bone
strain in the macaque ulna during locomotion. J. Phys. Anthrop 106:87-100
- Hadjiargyrou, M., McLeod, K., Ryaby, J. & Rubin, C.(1998) Augmentation
of Fracture Healing by Low Intensity Ultrasound.. Clin. Orth. Rel. Res.
355:216-229
- Adams, D., Spirt, A., Brown, T., Fritton, S., Rubin, C. & Brand, R.
(1997) Testing the "daily stress stimulus" hypothesis of bone remodeling.
J. Biomech30:671-678.
- Fritton, J., Rubin, C., Qin, Y.-X. & McLeod, K. (1997) Vibration in
the skeleton. Part I: Development of a resonance-based whole body vibration
device. J. Biomed Eng. 25:831-839.
- Gross, T.S., Edwards, J.L., McLeod, K.J. & Rubin, C.T. (1997) Strain
gradients correlate with sites of periosteal bone formation. J. Bone
Min. Res. 12(6):982-988.
- Rubin, C. T. & McLeod, K. (1996) Inhibition of osteopenia by biophysical
intervention. In: Osteoporosis, Eds: R. Marcus, J. Kelsey & D. Feldman.
Academic Press Ch. ch. 5, pp351-371.
- Rubin, C., Sun, Y-Q, Hadjiargyrou, M. & McLeod, K. (1999) Increased
expression of MMP-1 mRNA in osteocytes precedes bone resorption as stimulated
by disuse: Evidence for the autoregulation of the bone's mechanical
environment? J. Orth. Res.; 17: 354-361.
- Rubin, C., Gross, T., Qin, Y., Fritton, S., Guilak, F. & McLeod, K.J.
(1996) Differentiation of bone-tissue remodeling response to axial and
torsional loading. J. Bone Jt. Surg. 78(10):1523-1533.
- Qin, Y., McLeod, K., Guilak, F. and Rubin, C. (1996) Correlation of
bony ingrowth with the distribution of stress and strain parameters
surrounding a porous-coated implant. J. Orth. Res. 14:862-870.
- Rubin, J., McLeod, K., Titus, L., Nanes, M., Catherwood, B. and Rubin,
C. (1996) Formation of osteoclast-like cells is suppressed by low frequency,
low intensity electric fields. J. Orth. Res. 14:7-15.
- Ricos, V., Pedersen, D., Brown, T, Rubin, C., & Brand, R. (1996) Effects
of anisotropy and material axis registration on computed stress and
strain distributions in the turkey ulna. J. Biomec. 29:261-267.
- Sun, Y-Q., McLeod, K. & Rubin, C. (1995) Mechanically induced periosteal
bone formation is paralleled by the upregulation of collagen type one
mRNA in osteocytes as measured by IS-RT-PCR. Calc. Tiss. Intl. 57:456-462.
- Gross, T. and Rubin, C. (1995) Uniformity of resorptive bone loss
induced by disuse. J. Orth. Res. 13(5):708-714.
- Rubin, C.T., Gross, T.S., McLeod, K.J. & Bain, S.D. (1995) Morphologic
stages in lamellar bone formation stimulated by a potent mechanical
stimulus. J. Bone Min. Res. 10(3):488-495.
- Rubin, C. & McLeod (1994) Promotion of bony ingrowth by frequency
specific, low amplitude mechanical strains. John Charnley Award of The
Hip Society. Clin. Orth. Rel. Res. 298:165-174
Patents
- Method for inducing a current and voltage in living tissue for the
prevention of bone loss. Patent #4,993,413
- Mechanical loading protocol for the prevention of osteoporosis, acceleration
of fracture healing, and the promotion of bony ingrowth. #5,103,808
- Method for the promotion of growth, ingrowth and healing of bone tissue
and the prevention of osteopenia by mechanical loading of the bone tissue.
#5,191,880
- Apparatus for the induction of high frequency strains into the axial
skeleton to promote growth and repair. #5,273,028
- Non-Invasive method and means for in-vivo bone-growth stimulation.
#5,376,065
- Method and system for therapeutically treating bone fractures and
osteoporosis. #5,997,490
- Method and system for therapeutically treating bone fractures and
osteoporosis. #6,022,349
- Chondrogenic and osteogenic genes to be used in the treatment of metabolic
bone disease. Pending
- Frequency scanning ultrasound as a non-invasive means to determine
the physical properties of bone. Pending
- Improvement of postural stability using low level, high frequency
mechanical oscillations. Pending
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